UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA     AGRICULTURAL   EXPERIMENT  STATION 

~~..   •  .-*%-    ■«.,-     .  ~_.^....  -r..nr-  BENJ.    IDE    WHEELER,    President 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE  _    ■».... 

THOMAS    FORSYTH    HUNT,    DEAN  AM     OinECTOR 

BERKELEY  h.  e.  van  norman,  vice-director  *nc  dean 

University  Farm  School 


CIRCULAR  No.  184 
November,  1917 


A  FLOCK  OF  SHEEP  ON  THE  FARM 

By  B,  F.  MILLEB 


Sheep  production  in  the  United  States  has  decreased  about  twenty 
per  cent  during  the  past  fifteen  years.  We  have  been  annually  im- 
porting (up  to  the  present  embargo)  over  one-half  the  wool  consumed 
in  this  country.  The  mutton  trade  on  the  principal  markets  has  also 
doubled  during  the  past  ten  years.  In  view  of  these  facts  and  the 
present  threatened  shortage  of  food  and  clothing  materials,  sheep 
raising  should  be  especially  encouraged. 

In  the  west  we  are  prone  to  think  of  sheep  as  being  primarily 
adapted  to  the  range  and  herded  in  large  bands.  They  are,  however, 
equally  well  adapted  to  valley  farms.  On  the  British  Isles,  an  area 
of  about  four-fifths  that  of  California,  thirty  million  head  of  sheep 
are  grown,  and  most  of  these  on  the  arable  farms.  In  California 
there  are  only  about  two  million  head  of  sheep,  which  are  largely  run 
on  the  ranges.  These  figures  would  indicate  that  sheep  husbandry 
should  be  receiving  far  more  attention  from  the  farmers  of  the  state 
than  it  does  at  the  present  time.  Furthermore,  the  available  ranges 
are  fully  stocked  and  we  have  to  turn  to  the  farms  to  increase  our 
mutton  and  wool  supply. 

A  campaign  for  the  improvement  of  sheep  husbandry  has  been 
started  in  other  states  with  "A  Flock  of  Sheep  for  Every  Farm"  as 
its  slogan.  This  might  be  well  adopted  for  our  own  state  as  there 
are  few  states  in  the  Union  better  adapted  to  sheep  husbandry  than 
California.  The  average  farmer  would  not  miss  the  feed  consumed  by 
a  flock  of  sheep  and  the  returns  from  wool  and  mutton  come  at  a 
time  when  a  cash  income  can  be  turned  to  good  advantage  in  carry- 
ing on  other  farming  operations.  Furthermore,  the  farmer  who  keeps 
a  flock  of  sheep  contributes  to  increasing  both  the  much-needed  wool 
and  the  meat  supply. 


ADVANTAGE   OF   SHEEP   ON   THE    FARM 

Sheep  may  be  kept  very  economically,  as  they  graze  over  the  fields 
most  of  the  year  and  when  feeding  becomes  necessary  hay  is  the  chief 
diet.  They  yield  two  crops  per  year,  wool  and  mutton,  and  are  use- 
ful in  keeping  down  weeds  in  fence  corners,  along  roadsides,  irriga- 
tion ditches,  in  orchards,  or  on  summer  fallow.  A  flock  of  sheep  may 
be  started  with  little  capital. 


FINANCIAL    RETURNS 

It  is  commonly  estimated  that  the  wool  clip  pays  in  a  large  measure 
for  the  cost  of  keeping  the  ewe.  Average  farm  sheep  shear  about 
eight  pounds  of  wool  annually,  which  has  usually  sold  for  about 
twenty-five  cents  a  pound.  Before  the  war,  early  spring  lambs  were 
selling  for  about  $5  each.  Even  though  the  wool  would  not  pay  en- 
tirely for  the  keep  of  the  ewe,  the  profit  on  the  lambs  would  still  leave 
a  good  margin.  Under  farm  conditions  twins  are  commonly  raised 
and  the  increase  in  lambs  should  be  over  100  per  cent,  while  the 
investment  in  such  a  flock  would  hardly  be  above  $8  per  ewe  on  a 
pre-war  basis.  At  the  present  time  wool  is  bringing  over  fifty  cents 
a  pound,  and  lambs  have  been  contracted  for  at  $7.50  to  $8.50  a  head. 


HOW  TO  START 

A  good  way  to  start  is  to  buy  well-built  black-faced  ewes  carrying 
considerable  Merino  blood,  and  mate  these  with  a  good  pure-bred 
mutton  type  of  ram,  or  it  may  be  possible  to  buy  ewes  already  bred. 
Grade  ewes  properly  mated  will  produce  very  satisfactory  market 
lambs.  In  buying  sheep  examine  their  mouths  so  as  to  secure  young 
ewes,  yearlings  or  two-year-olds  being  most  desirable. 

It  is  sometimes  possible  to  buy  old,  broken-mouthed  ewes  very 
reasonably  from  rangemen;  such  ewes  might  not  be  able  to  withstand 
another  winter  on  the  range,  but  by  special  care  on  the  farm  could 
well  raise  another  lamb.  After  weaning  the  lambs  in  June  or  July, 
the  old  ewes  are  usually  fattened  on  alfalfa  pasture  and  sold  to  the 
butcher  and  the  ewe  lambs  are  kept  on  the  farm  for  foundation  stock. 

From  twenty-five  to  forty  ewes  make  a  satisfactory  flock  and  one 
ram  would  be  sufficient  to  breed  these.  This  would  also  make  a  unit 
large  enough  to  warrant  proper  care  and  building  necessary  fences. 
It  is  not  advisable  to  begin  with  only  three  or  four  ewes,  as  they  are 
often  a  nuisance  about  the  place  by  getting  into  the  garden  or  culti- 
vated fields. 


MATING  AND   BREEDING 

The  natural  breeding  season  of  sheep  is  in  the  fall,  although  in 
California,  where  it  is  desirable  to  get  very  early  lambs,  the  ram  is 
turned  in  about  August  1st,  and  should  remain  with  the  flock  two 
months.  The  ewes  should  be  shorn  in  July  or  just  before  the  buck  is 
turned  in.  A  ewe  will  come  in  heat  every  fifteen  or  eighteen  days 
and  the  gestation  period  is  about  twenty-one  weeks.  Ewes  should  not 
be  bred  until  they  are  eighteen  months  old.  Breeding  them  the  first 
fall  or  when  they  are  only  eight  to  ten  months  old,  checks  their  growth 
and  development. 

WINTERING   THE    FLOCK 

The  ewes  are  usually  turned  on  the  grain  stubble  as  soon  as  this 
is  available.  They  may  remain  on  stubble  during  the  fall,  but  when 
the  rains  become  excessive,  which  is  usually  the  case  during  January 
and  February,  the  ewes  should  be  taken  off  the  field,  and  provided 
with  shelter  and  fed  hay.  Three  pounds  of  bright  alfalfa  hay  is 
sufficient  per  sheep  per  day.  In  addition  to  this,  sheep  may  be  turned 
into  a  vacant  lot  or  pasture  when  the  weather  permits.  Exercise  is 
important. 

For  shelter  an  ordinary  shed  or  barn  that  will  keep  the  sheep  dry 
and  protect  them  from  the  wind  is  all  that  is  necessary. 

LAMBING    SEASON 

If  the  buck  is  turned  in  with  the  flock  in  August,  lambs  will  be 
dropped  in  January.  It  is  highly  important  when  lambing  occurs  so 
early  to  provide  a  barn  for  shelter.  The  barn  should  be  partitioned 
off  into  a  number  of  pens  so  as  to  be  able  to  separate  the  ewes  that 
have  lambed  from  the  main  flock  and  keep  each  ewe  and  lamb  separate 
for  a  day  or  so.  It  will  not  be  necessary  very  often  for  the  shepherd 
to  help  delivery,  but  he  should  assist  before  the  ewes  become  exhausted 
from  laboring.  If  a  ewe  is  too  weak  to  attend  her  lamb  when  born, 
the  shepherd  should  remove  the  mucous  from  the  nostrils,  rub  it  dry 
and  get  it  to  nurse.  Occasionally  ewes  in  poor  condition  with  a  scant 
milk  flow  will  not  own  their  lambs.  In  this  case  the  ewe  and  lamb 
should  be  put  into  a  small  pen  and  the  ewe  held  four  or  five  times 
a  day  for  the  lamb  to  suckle.  In  a  few  days  the  ewe  will  usually  take 
the  lamb. 

When  a  ewe  loses  her  lamb  it  is  advisable  to  put  the  twin  lamb  of 
another  ewe  with  her.  The  best  way  to  transfer  a  lamb  is  to  skin  the 
dead  lamb,  pulling  the  legs  out  like  stripping  off  a  stocking,  sprinkling 


a  little  salt  over  the  inside  of  the  skin  and  then  fastening  it  onto  the 
twin  lamb  that  is  to  be  transferred.  The  ewe  will  accept  it  as  her 
own  by  the  scent. 

THE    EWE  WITH    LAMB   AT   SIDE 

As  a  rule  when  producing  mutton  lambs,  good  bright  alfalfa  hay 
will  suffice  for  the  ewe,  although  mangels  or  silage  in  addition  to  hay 
are  especially  valuable  for  ewes  which  are  suckling  lambs.  In  some 
sections  of  the  state,  the  foxtail  grows  up  quickly  after  the  early 
rains,  and  there  is  nothing  better  than  green  pasture  for  ewes  with 
lambs. 

Where  grain  feeding  is  practiced,  one-half  to  one  pound  of  grain 
per  day  per  sheep  is  sufficient,  beginning  gradually  after  the  lambs 
are  three  or  four  days  old. 

If  the  ewe  has  more  milk  than  the  lamb  can  take,  she  should  be 
milked  out  once  a  day.  Sometimes  if  the  ewe  is  well  fed  and  the  milk 
flow  heavy,  garget  or  caked  udder  may  develop,  especially  if  such 
ewes  are  compelled  to  lie  on  cold,  wet  ground,  causing  the  udder  to 
become  chilled.  The  trouble  usually  appears  only  on  one  side.  As 
soon  as  garget  is  noticed,  the  udder  should  be  thoroughly  milked  out 
and  bathed  daily  with  hot  water  to  which  two  tablespoonfuls  of  baking 
soda  has  been  added.  The  udder  is  then  dried  and  massaged  well 
with  a  mixture  of  lard  and  turpentine  mixed  into  a  paste. 

When  the  lambs  are  two  to  three  weeks  old,  they  will  begin  to 
nibble  at  hay  and  grain.  Under  farm  conditions  it  is  usually  con- 
venient to  feed  them  separately  by  means  of  a  creep.  A  good  grain 
ration  is  two  parts  of  whole  oats  and  one  part  wheat  bran. 


FEEDING    ORPHAN    LAMBS 

There  are  always  a  few  "bummer"  lambs  about  the  sheep  fold, 
and  at  the  present  prices  of  wool  and  mutton  it  is  very  desirable  to 
save  every  lamb.  These  lambs  can  well  be  raised  on  cows'  milk,  pre- 
ferably milk  that  is  high  in  butter  fat.  This  should  be  fed  warm 
either  by  means  of  a  nursing  bottle  or  lambs  may  be  taught  to  drink 
from  a  pan.  The  latter  requires  considerable  patience,  but  is  much 
simpler  when  once  started. 

The  first  two  weeks  a  lamb  should  not  be  fed  over  one  and  one-half 
pints  of  whole  milk  per  day.  This  should  be  given  in  five  feeds, 
about  two-thirds  of  a  cupful  at  a  feeding.  This  amount  may  be  gradu- 
ally increased  during  the  next  two  weeks,  feeding  four  times  a  day. 
After  the  lamb  is  four  weeks  old,  feeding  three  times  a  day  is  suffi- 


cient,  and  when  three  months  old,  the  lamb  should  be  fed  about  two 
quarts  a  day. 

It  is  important  to  get  orphan  lambs  to  eat  as  soon  as  possible.  A 
ration  of  two  parts  of  whole  oats  and  one  part  of  wheat  bran  is  excel- 
lent for  young  lambs,  and  may  be  placed  before  them  when  two  to 
three  weeks  old.  Any  grain  left  in  the  trough  should  be  removed 
daily  to  keep  the  feed  sweet.  The  waste  may  be  fed  to  the  ewe  flock. 
Turn  the  lambs  out  to  graze  in  a  field  or  pasture  near  the  barn. 

If  lambs  are  eating  well,  they  may  be  weaned  at  the  age  of  three 
months.  This  should  be  done  gradually,  feeding  milk  once  a  day  for 
a  week  or  so  and  then  discontinuing  entirely. 

DOCKING   AND   CASTRATING 

These  are  both  simple  operations  when  done  in  time.  Lambs 
should  be  docked  when  ten  to  fourteen  days  old;  the  simplest  way  is 
by  means  of  a  sharp  knife,  cutting  the  tail  off  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  from  the  backbone.  Bleeding  may  be  quite  profuse  at  first,  but  it 
soon  stops.  There  is  also  a  docking  iron  on  the  market.  This  is  made 
in  the  form  of  a  chisel  with  an  eighteen-inch  handle,  and  is  used  hot. 
It  cuts  and  sears  the  arteries,  thus  preventing  loss  of  blood. 

Castrating  is  usually  done  at  the  same  time  the  lambs  are  docked, 
and  consists  in  cutting  off  one-third  of  the  scrotum  and  then  simply 
pulling  out  the  testicles,  cords  and  all. 

SPRING   AND  SUMMER   FEED 

During  the  spring  native  pasture  affords  excellent  feed,  which  is 
usually  abundant  until  April  or  May,  when  the  grass  dries  up.  It  is 
important  that  the  ewes  and  lambs  be  provided  with  good  feed  at  this 
time,  as  the  lambs  should  be  ready  for  the  market  about  June  1st. 
Where  alfalfa  is  available,  this  makes  good  feed,  but  there  is  some 
danger  of  loss  from  bloat.  Sudan  grass  may  be  seeded  in  April  and 
affords  good  pasture  by  June  1st;  it  does  quite  well  without  irriga- 
tion.     Winter  rye  and  dwarf  Essex  rape  are  also  good  forage  crops. 

WEANING  THE  LAMBS 

Lambs  should  be  weaned  when  from  four  to  four  and  a  half 
months  old.  The  ewes  and  lambs  are  separated,  leaving  the  lambs  in 
the  field  where  they  are  accustomed  to  grazing,  and  penning  up  the 
ewes  for  a  few  days  or  turning  them  into  a  vacant  field  with  scarce 
feed.  Usually  they  are  dry  in  a  few  days,  but  should  any  show  full 
bags,  they  should  be  milked  out  once  or  twice.  When  marketed  about 
June  1st,  the  early  lambs  are  taken  directly  from  the  ewes  and  sold. 


SHEARING 

In  most  sections  of  California,  sheep  on  the  farms  are  shorn  twice 
a  year,  namely,  during  March  and  July.  This  is  usually  done  by 
professional  sheep  shearers,  whose  services  may  be  obtained  in  most 
localities. 

DIPPING 

A  week  or  ten  days  after  shearing  it  is  well  to  dip  the  entire  flock. 
As  the  wool  is  short  the  flock  can  readily  be  dipped  at  small  expense, 
and  all  external  parasites,  such  as  ticks  and  lice,  may  be  eradicated. 
The  dipping  is  preferably  done  in  the  morning  of  a  quiet,  warm  day, 
so  that  the  sheep  will  be  dry  by  night  and  will  not  catch  cold.  It 
should  be  repeated  in  ten  to  fourteen  days  to  destroy  the  parasites 
that  were  in  the  egg  stage  at  the  time  of  the  first  dipping. 

A  dipping  vat  is  quite  essential  on  a  sheep  farm,  and  may  be 
built  of  concrete,  wood,  or  galvanized  iron.  The  latter  may  be  pur- 
chased from  stockmen's  supply  houses.  A  convenient  size  is  ten  feet 
long  at  the  top,  three  feet  long  at  the  bottom,  twenty  inches  wide  at 
the  top,  eight  inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  four  feet  deep.  (For 
plans  and  specifications  apply  to  the  Division  of  Agricultural  Engi- 
neering, University  Farm,  Davis,  California.)  The  vat  should  be 
set  in  the  ground  so  that  the  top  is  about  six  inches  above  the  surface. 
At  the  entrance  a  pen  is  provided  to  hold  the  sheep,  and  built  in  the 
form  of  a  chute  to  the  mouth  of  the  vat.  At  the  exit  a  drain  pen  with 
a  tight  floor  should  be  constructed,  so  that  the  dripping  will  drain 
back  into  the  tank. 

There  are  a  number  of  dips  on  the  market  which  are  effective,  and 
should  be  used  as  per  directions  on  the  can.  It  is  best  to  use  the  dip 
at  a  temperature  of  105°  to  110°  F.  It  is  not  necessary  to  hold  the 
sheep  in  the  dip  for  any  length  of  time,  but  it  is  well  to  see  that  the 
head  is  submerged  twice.  When  dipping  for  scab  species  precau- 
tions must  be  taken,  and  it  is  best  to  notify  the  State  Veterinarian  at 
once  should  scab  be  discovered,  who  will  take  the  case  in  hand. 


SALT 

Salt  is  very  essential  for  all  classes  of  livestock,  and  it  is  especially 
so  for  sheep.  It  should  be  placed  in  troughs  where  sheep  have  free 
access  to  it  at  all  times.  Rangemen  prefer  the  half-ground  salt, 
although  the  brick  form  is  very  convenient  on  the  farm  as  there  is  no 
waste. 


MAGGOTS 

Occasionally  the  young  shepherd  will  find  a  ewe  or  lamb  infested 
with  maggots.  '  These  are  the  result  of  eggs  laid  by  the  blow-fly  on 
a  foul  or  bloody  place  on  the  wool.  The  eggs  soon  hatch  and  the 
maggots  crawl  down  near  the  skin  and  greatly  irritate  the  animal. 
They  are  most  commonly  found  about  the  hindquarters,  or  in  rams 
at  the  base  of  the  horns  where  the  latter  injure  each  other  in  fighting, 

The  symptoms  are  restlessness,  scratching,  and  tearing  at  the  wool, 
wriggling  the  dock,  and  usually  lying  down  separate  from  the  flock. 
Clip  off  the  wool  from  the  infested  part,  making  sure  that  you  have 
located  all  the  maggots.  Treat  with  a  5  per  cent  solution  of  ordinary 
sheep  dip  (2  tablespoonfuls  to  1  pint  of  water).  Then  apply  pine-tar 
to  keep  off  the  flies,  and  watch  the  animal  closely  for  several  days. 

BLOAT   ON    ALFALFA 

Bloating  on  alfalfa  causes  considerable  loss  in  some  seasons,  and 
especially  with  sheep  that  have  not  been  raised  in  alfalfa  sections. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  are  hundreds  of  sheepmen  that  graze  it 
practically  all  year  with  very  little  loss.  The  following  precautions 
should  be  taken : 

Never  let  the  sheep  into  the  field  when  hungry,  but  feed  them  well 
with  dry  hay  before  turning  them  on.  If  possible  allow  them  the 
run  of  a  barley  stubble  field  besides  the  alfalfa.  11;  is  also  advisable 
to  have  two  fields,  so  that  when  one  is  eaten  down  or  being  irrigated 
the  sheep  may  be  turned  directly  into  the  other. 

Should  bloat  develop  the  following  drench  is  recommended: 

One-half  cup  of  raw  linseed  oil,  two  teaspoonfuls  of  turpentine. 
This  may  be  given  by  means  of  a  small-necked  bottle,  holding  the 
sheep  in  a  corner,  raising  the  head  slightly  and  giving  the  drench 
slowly. 

DOGS 

In  many  sections  dogs  have  been  a  great  menace  to  the  sheep 
industry,  and  farmers  have  been  reluctant  about  starting  a  flock  on 
this  account.  However,  by  corralling  the  sheep  at  night  in  a  tight 
corral,  dog  depredation  may  be  avoided.  Also  the  sheep  pasture 
should  be  properly  fenced  with  a  32-inch  woven  wire  fence  with  three 
barbed  wires  on  top. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS   AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


REPORTS 

1897.      Resistant  Vines,   their  Selection,   Adaptation,   and  Grafting.      Appendix  to  Viticultural 
Report  for  1896. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station  for   1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station  for   1901-03. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station  for   1903-04. 

1914.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural   Experiment  Station,   July, 

1913-June,    1914. 

1915.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,   July, 

1914-June,    1915. 

1916.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture   and  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,    July. 

1915-June,    1916. 

1917.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,   July. 

1916-June,   1917. 


No. 

230. 
241. 
242. 
246. 
248. 

249. 
250. 
251. 


252. 
253. 

255. 
257. 
261. 

262. 

263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 

267. 
268. 


No. 
113. 
114. 
115. 
121. 

124. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
129. 
131. 
133. 
134. 
135. 
136. 
137. 
138. 
139. 


140. 

141. 

142. 

143. 

144. 
145. 

147. 
148. 
150. 
151. 


BULLETINS 

No. 

Enological  Investigations.  270. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I. 

Humus  in  California  Soils. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  II.  271. 

The  Economic  Value  of  Pacific  Coast  272. 

Kelps.  273. 
Stock-Poisoning  Plants  of  California. 

The  Loquat.  274. 
Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic 

Matter   in    Septic    and    Imhoff   Tank  275. 

Sludges. 

Deterioration  of  Lumber.  276. 

Irrigation   and   Soil   Conditions   in  the  277. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California.  278. 

The   Citricola    Scale.  279. 

New  Dosage  Tables.  280. 
Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia."  281. 
Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared  with  Those  of  California.  282. 
Size  Grade  for  Ripe  Olives. 

The  Calibration  of  the  Leakage  Meter.  283. 

Cotton  Rot  of  Lemons  in  California.  284. 

A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the  285. 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind.  286. 

Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus.  287. 
Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 


Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

Increasing  the  Duty  of  Water. 

Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards. 

Some  Things  the  Prospective  Settler 
Should  Know. 

Alfalfa   Silage  for  Fattening  Steers. 

Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

House  Fumigation. 

Insecticide  Formulas. 

The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

Spraying  for  Control  of  Walnut  Aphis. 

County  Farm  Adviser. 

Control  of  Raisin   Insects. 

Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows. 

Melilotus  Indica. 

Wood  Decay  in  Orchard  Trees. 

The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Generation  of  Hydrocyanic  Acid 
Gas  in  Fumigation  by  Portable  Ma- 
chines. 

The  Practical  Application  of  Improved 
Methods  of  Fermentation  in  Califor- 
nia Wineries  during  1913  and  1914. 

Standard  Insecticides  and  Fungicides 
versus  Secret  Preparations. 

Practical  and  Inexpensive  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 

Control  of  Grasshoppers  in  Imperial 
Valley. 

Oidium  or  Powderv  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 

Suggestions  to  Poultrymen  concerning 
Chicken  Pox. 

Tomato  Growing  in  California. 

"Lungworms." 

Round  Worms  in  Poultry. 

Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 


CIRCULARS 

No. 
152. 


153. 

154. 

155. 
156. 
157. 
158. 
160. 
161. 
162. 

164. 
165. 

166. 
167. 
168. 

169. 
170. 

171. 
172. 
173. 

174. 
175. 

176. 

177. 
178. 


A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 
on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 

Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

The  Common  Honey  Bee  as  an  Agent 
in   Prune   Pollination. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Pomegranate. 

Sudan  Grass. 

Grain  Sorghums. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gophers  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Trials  with  California  Silage  Crops  for 
Dairy  Cows. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  Imperial  Valley. 

The  Milch  Goat  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits. 


Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 
ling of  Grain  in  California. 

Announcement  of  the  California  State 
Dairy  Cow  Competition,   1916-18. 

Irrigation  Practice  in  Growing  Small 
Fruits   in  California. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis. 

How  to  Operate  an  Incubator. 

Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 

Home  and  Farm  Canning. 

Lettuce    Growing   in    California. 

Potatoes  in  California. 

White  Diarrhoea  and  Coccidiosis  of 
Chicks. 

Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

Fundamentals  of  Sugar  Beet  under 
California  Conditions. 

The  County  Farm  Bureau. 

Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 

Spraying  for  the  Control  of  Wild  Morn- 
ing-Glory  within  the  Fog  Belt. 

1918  Grain  Crop. 

Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 
Crop. 

The  Fertilization  of  Citrus. 

Wheat  Culture. 

The  Construction  of  the  Wood-Hoop 
Silo. 

Farm  Drainage  Methods. 

Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 
Distribution    of    Milk. 

Hog  Cholera  Prevention  and  the 
Serum    Treatment. 

Grain    Sorghum    Seed. 

The   Packing  of  Apples   in   California. 


